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This is a 250 word (approx) summary of a chapter
from my book.
Each chapter or main topic has been summarised in this way. For a complete
list of summaries see the right hand column
Concepts:
aeromonas, bacteria, fish, disease, infections, pond, koi, water,
competitors, ulcers, mortalities, antibiotics, skin, organisms, Genesyz.
Summary:
- This chapter is produced with permission of Chris Neaves, a well-known
and respected South African Koi keeper.
- Ulcer disease has long being a scourge in the koi industry.
- Aeromonas bacteria or (more rarely) Pseudomonas bacteria almost always
cause ulcer Disease and dropsy (pine cone disease).
- Bacterial infections, caused by members of the genus Aeromonas, are
among the most common and troublesome diseases of fish raised in ponds and
re-circulating systems.
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- Whether acting alone or in mixed infections with other organisms, the
motile aeromonads are responsible for significant financial losses annually.
- Aeromonads are capable of utilizing nutrients present in water and
surviving for long periods in the absence of host fish.
- They occur in the greatest numbers in organically rich waters, such as
those found in ponds and other aquaculture systems.
- These bacteria can also be isolated from the skin and intestinal tracts
of healthy fish, from pond mud, aquatic plants and certain protozoan
parasites.
- These ulcers often have ragged white margins bordered by a narrow zone
of hemorrhage.
- Daily mortalities associated with this chronic form of disease may be
low, but can rise to high levels over time.
- It should also be noted that the improper use of antibiotic feeds and
injections has led to the emergence of aeromonad strains resistant various
drugs.
- It should also be noted that adding antibiotics directly to the pond
water will kill the biofilter (now being called the bioconverter) and he
beneficial bacteria in the pond.
- Competition theory states that perfect competitors cannot coexist and
that in order to coexist, species must utilise resources differently and
have different competition abilities.
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